Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing a Review of Current Technologies
J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 Mar; 16(1): one–nine.
Rapid Prototyping Technologies and their Applications in Prosthodontics, a Review of Literature
Kianoosh Torabi
aDept. of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Ehsan Farjood
aDept. of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz Academy of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Shahram Hamedani
bDDS, MScD. Private Do, Shiraz, Iran
Received 2013 November; Revised 2014 Mar; Accepted 2014 May.
Abstract
The early computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems were relied exclusively on subtractive methods. In recent years, additive methods by employing rapid prototyping (RP) have progressed rapidly in various fields of dentistry equally they have the potential to overcome known drawbacks of subtractive techniques such as fit problems. RP techniques have been exploited to build complex 3D models in medicine since the 1990s. RP has recently proposed successful applications in various dental fields, such as fabrication of implant surgical guides, frameworks for fixed and removable partial dentures, wax patterns for the dental prosthesis, zirconia prosthesis and molds for metal castings, and maxillofacial prosthesis and finally, consummate dentures. This paper aimed to offer a comprehensive literature review of various RP methods, particularly in dentistry, that are expected to bring many improvements to the field. A search was fabricated through MEDLINE database and Google scholar search engine. The keywords; 'rapid prototyping' and 'dentistry' were searched in championship/abstruse of publications; express to 2003 to 2013, concerning past decade. The inclusion criterion was the technical researches that predominately included laboratory procedures. The exclusion criterion was meticulous clinical and excessive technical procedures. A total of 106 articles were retrieved, recited by authors and but fifty met the specified inclusion criteria for this review. Selected articles had used rapid prototyping techniques in various fields in dentistry through different techniques. This review depicted the different laboratory procedures employed in this method and confirmed that RP technique take been essentially viable in dentistry. With advocacy in various RP systems, it is possible to benefit from this technique in different dental practices, particularly in implementing dental prostheses for different applications.
Central Words: CAD-CAM, 3-Dimensional/methods, Computer-aided rapid prototyping model, Figurer-aided design, Dentistry
Search Strategy
This paper aimed to offering a comprehensive literature review of various rapid prototyping (RP) methods, especially in dentistry, that are expected to bring many improvements to this field. The study was purposed to focus on the technical feasibility of the technique. A search was made through MEDLINE database and Google scholar search engine. The keywords; 'rapid prototyping' and 'dentistry' were searched in championship/abstract of publications; limited to 2003 to 2013, concerning past decade. The inclusion benchmark was the technical researches that predominately included laboratory procedures. The exclusion benchmark was detailed clinical and excessive technical procedures. References of selected articles were also reviewed for possible inclusion in the study. Titles and abstracts of all selected articles were reviewed and upon identification for possible inclusion, full text of the article was reviewed thoroughly and cantankerous-matched with the predefined inclusion criteria. A total of 106 articles were retrieved, recited by authors and only 50 met the specified inclusion criteria for this review. Selected articles had used rapid prototyping techniques in various fields in dentistry through unlike techniques.
Literature review
The commencement attempts to automate the production of dental restorations began more than 20 years ago. [1-2] Subsequently, computer-aided design/estimator-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies were introduced to the dental community in early 1980s. [ane] All CAD/CAM systems have three functional components: 1) A digitalization tool/scanner that transforms geometry into digital data that can exist candy by a figurer. 2) Software which processes scanner data and produces a data set readable by a fabrication auto. 3) A manufacturing technology that takes the information set up and transforms it into the desired product by fabricating the restoration. [1-two] To fabricate a physical prototype in manufacture and/or medicine, two dissimilar approaches take been utilized: subtractive and additive. [iii] In a subtractive method, cloth is subtracted from an initial block of material to exit the desired shaped part (such equally a dental restoration). [4]
Early on CAD/CAM systems relied most exclusively on cutting a restoration from a prefabricated block with the use of burs, diamonds or diamond disks. [5] This is usually accomplished by conventional numeric control (NC) machining such every bit milling. [half-dozen] Subtractive processes use carefully-planned tool movements to cutting material. The NC machining is used typically in modest model-making machines for which they are used to fabricate metallic and/or ceramic crowns in dentistry. [7] The subtractive fabrication tin create a complete shape effectively, though at the expense of material being wasted. In a typical subtractive method in dentistry, approximately 90 percent of the initial bock is removed to create a typical dental restoration. [1] Torabi et al. in their studies concluded that the CAD/CAM system could compete well with conventional systems for clinical fit and fracture resistance and can achieve acceptable results in vitro. [8-9] Vojdani et al. [x] compared the marginal and internal fit of metal copings cast from wax patterns made with a CAD/CAM system and the conventional method. Their findings showed that only conventional method could result in copings with clinically acceptable margins of less than 120µm. [10]
Alternatively, additive fabrication is a process in which the final desired role is manufactured past adding multiple layers of material on top of one another. [11] The primal thought of this innovative method is that the three dimensional CAD (3D-CAD) model is sliced into many thin layers and the manufacturing equipment uses this geometric data to build each layer sequentially until the part is completed. Hence, condiment fabrication is oftentimes referred equally "layered manufacturing", "direct digital manufacturing", "iii-dimensional printing", or "solid freeform fabrication". [12-13] Additive technology browse yield arbitrarily complex shapes with cavities and undercuts; frequently the case in human beefcake structures. [ix-11]
Subtractive methods accept some limitations in comparing with additive techniques: The precision fit of the inside contour of the restoration depends on the size of the smallest usable tool for each fabric and if the cutting tool was larger in diameter than some parts of the tooth training, it will event in reduction of internal fit precision or junior marginal properties.
-
A considerable amount of raw fabric is wasted because the unused portions of the mono-blocks must be discarded subsequently milling and recycling of the excess ceramic textile is non feasible.
-
Milling tools are exposed to heavy abrasion and habiliment, therefore, withstanding only short running cycles.
-
Microscopic cracks can exist introduced into ceramic surfaces due to machining of this breakable material.
-
It is neither easy nor economic for big, full undercuts and/or complex milling parts. [9, 14-16]
Rapid prototyping (RP) techniques, the so-called "generative manufacturing techniques", exhibit the potential to overcome the described shortages. [17-20] RP just consists of ii phases: virtual phase (modeling and simulating) and physical phase (fabrication). Virtual prototyping is development of model by dynamic and interactive simulation. The class of forming the concrete model is formation of 3D concrete model past CAD. Some characteristics of the process can exist stated as:
Objects can be produced with different geometrical intricacy without involving the setup of the machine or final associates. Objects can exist produced by employing different types of materials such as composites. Moreover, with a controlled conduction, different materials can exist used at different places in an object. The construction of complex objects tin exist fast, convenient and uncomplicated by additive fabrication systems. [12]
The RP techniques have been employed to build complex 3D models in medicine since the 1990s. [21-24] The primary benefit of RP techniques is the medical models that can exist produced with undercuts, voids, intricate internal geometrical details and anatomical landmarks such as facial sinuses and neurovascular canals. [15, 25] The RP model is currently employed to improve medical diagnosis and to provide a precise surgical handling program. The technique would help shorten the surgery time and consequently reducing the patients' take a chance. [15, 26-27]
In current years, RP is becoming more than appealing for dental purposes. The innovations in molding materials and forming procedure have improved the RP techniques and so that this technology is no longer adopted only for prototyping; it is used for reproduction of real functional elements. [15, 28-29] The feasibility of this technique is increasing in different dental practice fields such as oromaxillofacial surgery and prosthesis, [thirty-39]production of surgical guide or concrete models in dental implant therapies, [forty-43] and prosthodontics. [15, 44-45]
The RP techniques can too be employed to program, produce, and develop dental prostheses such equally crowns, fixed and removable partial dentures (FPDs and RPDs) and also copings. This technique would eliminate any faults caused by homo skills and intervention in traditional fabrication of dental prosthesis and comparably is time saving. [fifteen, 46-47] Digital dental surveying and RP-produced sacrificial patterns could exist achieved to fabricate RPDs frameworks. [48] Moreover, RP has been used to reduce the extra-oral fourth dimension which need to be spent in autogenous molar transplantation. [49] In 2011, Morea et al. used the SLA technique for accurate insertion of the orthodontic mini screws. [l]
Yu et al. used this technique for producing the pre-surgical nasoalveolar molds in handling of infants suffering from unilateral cleft lip and palate. [34] The dental practice has too benefited from RP in accurate reconstruction of maxillofacial defects [51-55] and also in osteogenic distraction with satisfactory outcomes. [56-58]
Classification of RP technologies in dentistry
The frequent technologies that are adopted in dental practise are stereolithography (SLA), inkjet-based system (3DP), selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). While various materials can be employed in these technologies; wax, plastics, ceramics, and metals are normally used by several studies in dentistry. [7, 12]
Stereolithography (SLA)
This method includes a photosensitive liquid resin bath, a model-building platform, and an ultraviolet (UV) laser for curing the resin. [seven] The layers are cured and bond successively to form a solid object for impression rationales, exploited in reconstructive surgeries and sub-periosteal surgery in dental implant therapies (Figure 1). Fabrication of surgical drilling templates during insertion of dental implants is the current foremost purpose for using SLA models in dental practice. [7] SLA-made surgical drill guides accept been proved to do good from high precision past several well-documented researches. [59-65]
Schematic delineation of SLA
Inkjet-based arrangement or 3DP
In this technique, a measured amount of the raw powder-form material is initially dispensed from a container by a moving piston (Figure two). A roller then distributes and compresses the powder at the acme of the fabrication chamber. A liquid adhesive is then deposited from the multi-aqueduct jetting caput in a 2D design onto the powder, make it bond and form a layer of the object. When a layer is completed, the piston helps spread and join the next powder layer. This incremental (layer-by- layer) method is gradually continued to achieve a complete built upwardly of prototype. [vii] Unbound pulverisation is swept up subsequent to a heating process, leaving the made function sound and intact.
A schematic representation of 3DP technique
Selective Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Sintering (SLS)
Effigy 3 shows a schematic depiction of the selective laser sintering method (SLS). In SLS method, layers of particular powder material are fused into a 3D model by adopting a computer-directed laser. A roller distributes the powdered material over the surface of a build cylinder. Powder is spread layer-by-layer on top of the preceding hardened layer and sintered repeatedly. [vii, 12-13] To concord the new fresh layer of powder, the supporting platform relegates i object layer thickness. The surface of this firmly compressed powder is and then exposed to a beam of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The procedure is cocky-sustaining and all parts can exist bail layer-by-layer. [vii] SLS technique has meaning advantages in dentistry, particularly prosthodontics, since various thermoplastic materials such as nylon composite, investment casting wax, metallic materials, ceramics and thermoplastic composites can be used in this method. [7, 45]
A Schematic image of SLS technique
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
The FDM is a rapid prototyping technique in which a thermoplastic material is extruded layer by layer from a nozzle, controlled by temperature. In this technique, a filament of a thermoplastic polymer material suckles into the temperature-controlled FDM extrusion nozzle dome. It is then heated to a gratis-flowing semi-liquid form. The motion of the nozzle head is controlled by a processor and traces and deposits the material in extremely sparse layers onto a subsidiary platform. The head leads the material into place with an ample precision. A portion of the discipline is built up layer by layer and the material solidifies inside 0.1s subsequently existence ejected from the nozzle and bonds to the layer below. The supporting structures are contrived for overhanging geometries and are afterwards removed by cutting them out from the object. [7]
The applications of RP techniques in facial and dental prosthesis
RP techniques are at present regarded as a promising alternative for dental prosthesis production. [xv] This review particularly focuses on fabrication of wax design of prosthesis, all-ceramic crowns, metal prostheses (in clouding FPDs and framework for removal partial dentures) and casts for prostheses.
Dental prosthesis wax design fabrication
With the introduction and attractiveness of RP applied science, a new style is possible for automatic wax-upwardly structure [66-67] illustrated in Effigy 4. Later on the wax design is fabricated past RP, the traditional lost-wax procedure is however needed. The procedure is more affordable than laser melting or sintering direct manufacturing processes, which nonetheless remains financially unattainable for most dental laboratories. [fifteen]
Wax-patterns made by RP technology
Rapid prototyping of dental (facial) prosthesis mold (vanquish)
Mold (shell) for metal casting
3D printing produces ceramic casting molds for metal casting using a incremental printing method. [68] With RP techniques many labor-intensive and time-consuming steps of the traditional investment casting technique is eliminated. [15] The technique besides skips the procedure of design and manufacturing of wax and cadre tooling, wax and core molding, wax associates, shell dipping and drying, and wax elimination. [fifteen]
Mold for facial prosthesis
RP techniques take been employed effectively for fabrication of facial prosthesis over the by decade. [fifteen, 39, 69] Blueprint fabrication with, the aid of RP, has been a feasible process, although, the conventional flasking and investing procedures were still crucial to make the actual prosthesis. Using a mold would remove the conventional flasking and investment procedures, and would shorten the process of making the prosthesis. [15, 70] Moreover, the generated resin mold can be kept since the mold is long-lasting and allows the pouring in multiple times. [71]
Mold for complete dentures
The limited available research articles reveals that advanced manufacturing technologies accept not been successfully implemented in this field notwithstanding. [72] The technology briefly is comprised of the instituting a 3D graphic tape of bogus teeth for parameterization positioning, yielding 3D information of edentulous models and rims in axial relation, finding a CAD route and emergence of a software for complete dentures, fabricating physical flasks (molds) by 3DP, and finishing the complete denture using a traditional laboratory procedure. [xv, 73]
Directly dental metal prosthesis fabrication
RP technology, especially selective laser melting (SLM) and selective laser sintering (SLS) technology have been on the focus of attention of scientists for the brisk fabrication of high-precision metal parts with various resource and shapes. [53] Dental prostheses are very advisable to be processed by employing SLS/SLM technique, regarding their complex geometry and their adequacy to be customized without the extensive manual pre- or post-processing steps. [15, 74]
All-ceramic restoration fabrication
A direct inkjet fabrication procedure has been anticipated for the fabrication of the green-zirconia all-ceramic dental restoration using a slurry micro extrusion process. [17] This innovative method is a favorable CAD/RP arrangement with great ability to produce all-ceramic dental restorations with high precision, cost competence, and minimum material intake. This method is still in the experimental phase. [17]
In general, the advantages of CAD/CAM technique can exist concluded as [1] elimination of disruptions of the impression material since the impression phase is eliminated [2] By using the surface scanner, the model tin can be produced without the potential possibility of tissue deformation [3] the model is formed from natural tissues, therefore, more accurate-looking prosthesis is obtained [4] less space for storage is need since the models are stored in hard disks. When compared to all these advantages, the most highlighted disadvantage of CAD/CAM technique is its high cost. Fifty-fifty though most of the procedure is accomplished by the calculator, proficiency of the clinician in awarding and coloring would affect the success of the concluding prosthesis. [75]
Decision
The literature review depicted that rapid prototyping (RP) techniques take been substantially employed in dentistry. A combination of dental sciences and manufacturing technologies is the notion behind use of RP in fabrication of dental prosthesis. Multiple steps should be taken in fabrication of prosthesis or restoration in conventional methods which would abide transmission errors and spends lot of time of dentist, laboratory technician and patient to obtain a practiced fitting prosthesis. With the help of figurer in RP, the numbers of steps are reduced, time is saved and dental models are reconstructed with high level of accurateness, precise class and shape with pertinent reproducibility. [76]
With advancement in various RP systems, it is possible to do good from this technique in different dental practices, particularly in implementing dental prostheses for unlike applications. With inquiry and evolution on a diversity of RP systems and correspondingly built materials, it is possible to generate different kinds of dental prostheses for different applications.
The express confines of the RP technology include the high cost of the tools, complicated machinery engaged and dependency on an expertise to run the machinery during production. The authors believe that RP techniques are increasingly playing an imperative part in prosthodontics and will become one of the mainstream technologies for digital fabrication of dental prostheses in virtually future.
Conflict of Interest: None to declare.
References
i. Strub JR, Rekow ED, Witkowski S. Computer-aided blueprint and fabrication of dental restorations: current systems and future possibilities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006; 137: 1289–1296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Beuer F, Schweiger J, Edelhoff D. Digital dentistry: an overview of contempo developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations. Br Dent J. 2008; 204: 505–511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
three. Liu Q, Leu MC, Schmitt SM. Rapid prototyping in dentistry: Technology and application. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2006; 29: 317–335. [Google Scholar]
4. Filser F, Kocher P, Weibel F, Lüthy H, Schärer P, Gauckler LJ. Reliability and strength of all-ceramic dental restorations fabricated by straight ceramic machining (DCM) Int J Comput Dent. 2001; 4: 89–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Witkowski South. (CAD-)/CAM in der Zahntechnik: Heir-apparent's Guide 2003. Zahntech Mag. 2002; 6: 696–709. [Google Scholar]
6. Petzold R, Zeilhofer HF, Kalender WA. Rapid protyping technology in medicine--basics and applications. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 1999; 23: 277–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Azari A, Nikzad S. The evolution of rapid prototyping in dentistry: a review. Rapid Prototyping J. 2009; 15: 216–225. [Google Scholar]
eight. Torabi Ardekani K, Ahangari AH, Farahi L. Marginal and Internal Fit of CAD/CAM and Slip-Cast Fabricated Zirconia Copings. J Dent Res Dent Clin Paring Prospects. 2012; 6: 42–48. [PMC complimentary article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Torabi K, Ahangari AH, Salehi S, Motamedi M. A Comparison of fracture resistance of zirconia copings fabricated with CAD/CAM engineering and sideslip casting technique. J Paring Shiraz Univ Med Scien. 2012; 12: 327–333. [Google Scholar]
ten. Vojdani M, Torabi K, Farjood Eastward, Khaledi AAR. Comparison the Marginal and Internal Fit of Metal Copings Cast from Wax Patterns Fabricated by CAD/CAM and Conventional Wax upward Techniques. J Paring Shiraz Univ Med Sci. 2013; 14: 118–129. [PMC free commodity] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Andonović V, Vrtanoski G V, Vrtanoski G, authors. Growing rapid prototyping equally a technology in dental medicine. Mech Eng Sci J. 2010; 29: 31–39. [Google Scholar]
14. Witkowski S. (CAD-)/CAM in dental technology. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2005; 28: 169–184. [Google Scholar]
15. Sun J, Zhang FQ. The awarding of rapid prototyping in prosthodontics. J Prosthodont. 2012; 21: 641–644. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Ebert J, Ozkol Eastward, Zeichner A, Uibel K, Weiss O, Koops U, et al. Direct inkjet press of dental prostheses made of zirconia. J Dent Res. 2009; 88: 673–676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Wang JW, Shaw LL. Fabrication of functionally graded materials via inkjet color printing. J Am Ceram Soc. 2006; 89: 3285–3289. [Google Scholar]
18. Tay BY, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ. Solid Freeform Fabrication of Ceramics. Int Mater Rev. 2003; 48: 341–370. [Google Scholar]
19. Özkol Eastward, Ebert J, Uibel Chiliad, Wätjen AM, Telle R. Development of high solid content aqueous 3Y-TZP suspensions for straight inkjet printing using a thermal inkjet printer. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2009; 29: 403–409. [Google Scholar]
twenty. Noguera R, Lejeune M, Chartier T. 3D fine scale ceramic components formed past ink-jet prototyping process. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2005; 25: 2055–2059. [Google Scholar]
21. Potamianos P, Amis AA, Forester AJ, McGurk Chiliad, Bricher 1000. Rapid prototyping for orthopaedic surgery. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 1998; 212: 383–393. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Petzold R, Zeilhofer HF, Kalender WA. Rapid protyping technology in medicine--basics and applications. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 1999; 23: 277–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Webb PA. A review of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the medical and biomedical sector. J Med Eng Technol. 2000; 24: 149–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Swan S. Integration of MRI and Stereolithography to Build Medical Models. A Case Report. Rapid Prototyping J. 1996; 2: 41–46. [Google Scholar]
25. Jamieson R, Holmer B, Ashby A. How rapid prototyping can assistance in the evolution of new orthopaedic products ‐ a case study. Rapid Prototyping J. 1995; 1: 38–41. [Google Scholar]
26. Kai CC, Meng CS, Ching LS. Rapid prototyping assisted surgery planning. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 1998; 149: 624–630. [Google Scholar]
27. Klein HM, Schneider Due west, Alzen G, Voy ED, Günther RW. Pediatric craniofacial surgery: comparison of milling and stereolithography for 3D model manufacturing. Pediatr Radiol. 1992; 22: 458–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Esses SJ, Berman P, Blossom AI, Sosna J. Clinical applications of physical 3D models derived from MDCT information and created by rapid prototyping. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011; 196: 683–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Goiato MC, Santos MR, Pesqueira AA, Moreno A, dos Santos DM, Haddad MF. Prototyping for surgical and prosthetic treatment. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22: 914–917. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Hierl T, Arnold Due south, Kruber D, Schulze FP, Hümpfner Hierl H. CAD-CAM-assisted esthetic facial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013; 71: e15–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Stoetzer Chiliad, Rana Chiliad, von Come across C, Eckardt AM, Gellrich NC. Reconstruction of defects of maxillary sinus wall after removal of a huge odontogenic lesion using prebended 3D titanium-mesh and CAD/CAM technique. Head Face Med. 2011; 7: 21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Olszewski R, Reychler H. Three-dimensional surgical guide for frontal-nasal-ethmoid-vomer disjunction in Le Fort III osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22: 1791–1792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Feng ZH, Dong Y, Bai SZ, Wu GF, Bi YP, Wang B, et al. Virtual transplantation in designing a facial prosthesis for extensive maxillofacial defects that cross the facial midline using figurer-assisted technology. Int J Prosthodont. 2010; 23: 513–520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Yu Q, Gong 10, Wang GM, Yu ZY, Qian YF, Shen G. A novel technique for presurgical nasoalveolar molding using estimator-aided reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22: 142–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Haung Ten, Ye M, Zhang W, Wang C, Jiao T. Fabricating auricular prostheses based on rapid prototyping and the FreeForm modelling organisation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2004; 24: 873–878. [Google Scholar]
36. Zhou 50, He L, Shang H, Liu K, Zhao J, Liu Y. Correction of hemifacial microsomia with the assist of mirror imaging and a rapid prototyping technique: case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 47: 486–488. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Mavili ME, Canter Hello, Saglam Aydinatay B, Kamaci South, Kocadereli I. Use of three-dimensional medical modeling methods for precise planning of orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2007; 18: 740–747. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. da Rosa EL, Oleskovicz CF, Aragão BN. Rapid prototyping in maxillofacial surgery and traumatology: example report. Braz Dent J. 2004; 15: 243–247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Coward TJ, Watson RM, Wilkinson IC. Fabrication of a wax ear by rapid-procedure modeling using stereolithography. Int J Prosthodont. 1999; 12: 20–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Lal One thousand, White GS, Morea DN, Wright RF. Use of stereolithographic templates for surgical and prosthodontic implant planning and placement. Part II. A clinical study. J Prosthodont. 2006; xv: 117–122. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Ganz SD. Presurgical planning with CT-derived fabrication of surgical guides. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005; 63: 59–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Bentz RM, Balshi SF. Complete oral rehabilitation with implants using CAD/CAM technology, stereolithography and conoscopic holography. Implant Dent. 2012; 21: 8–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Ozan O, Seker E, Kurtulmus Yilmaz S, Ersoy AE. Clinical awarding of stereolithographic surgical guide with a handpiece guidance apparatus: a case study. J Oral Implantol. 2012; 38: 603–609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Jeng JY, Chang KY, Dong DR, Shih HS. Tooth crown fabrication using contrary engineering science technology and model maker rapid prototyping system. Rapid Prototyp J. 2000; half-dozen: 136–145. [Google Scholar]
45. Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Williams R. Rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks. Rapid Prototyping J. 2006; 12: 95–99. [Google Scholar]
46. Han J, Wang Y, Lü P. A preliminary report of designing removable partial denture frameworks using a specifically developed software package. Int J Prosthodont. 2010; 23: 370–375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Eggbeer D, Bibb R, Williams R. The calculator-aided blueprint and rapid prototyping fabrication of re-movable partial denture frameworks. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2005; 219: 195–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Williams RJ, Bibb R, Rafik T. A technique for fabricating patterns for removable partial denture frame-works using digitized casts and electronic surveying. J Prosthet Dent. 2004; 91: 85–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49. Lee SJ, Jung IY, Lee CY, Choi SY, Kum KY. Clinical application of computer-aided rapid prototyping for tooth transplantation. Paring Traumatol. 2001; 17: 114–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50. Morea C, Hayek JE, Oleskovicz C, Dominguez GC, Chilvarquer I. Precise insertion of orthodontic miniscrews with a stereolithographic surgical guide based on cone beam computed tomography data: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2011; 26: 860–865. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51. Tampos AL, Lope JEC, Hesthaven JS. Accurate reconstruction of discontinuous functions using the singular pade-chebyshev method. IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2012; 42: 242–249. [Google Scholar]
52. Ciocca 50, De Crescenzio F, Fantini One thousand, Scotti R. Rehabilitation of the olfactory organ using CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping engineering science later on ablative surgery of squamous prison cell carcinoma: a pilot clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2010; 25: 808–812. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53. Ciocca L, Fantini M, De Crescenzio F, Corinaldesi One thousand, Scotti R. Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) of a customized titanium mesh for prosthetically guided bone regeneration of atrophic maxillary arches. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2011; 49: 1347–1352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
54. Cohen A, Laviv A, Berman P, Nashef R, Abu Tair J. Mandibular reconstruction using stereolithographic 3-dimensional printing modeling technology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 108: 661–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
55. Ciocca 50, Fantini M, Marchetti C, Scotti R, Monaco C. Immediate facial rehabilitation in cancer patients using CAD-CAM and rapid prototyping engineering science: a airplane pilot written report. Support Care Cancer. 2010; xviii: 723–728. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
56. Salles F, Anchieta G, Costa Bezerra, Torres ML, Queiuroz E, Faber J. Consummate and isolated congenital aglossia: case report and treatment of sequelae using rapid prototyping models. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008; 105: 41–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
57. Klammert U, Böhm H, Schweitzer T, Würzler Yard, Gbureck U, Reuther J, et al. Multi-directional Le Fort III midfacial lark using an private prefabricated device. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009; 37: 210–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58. Robiony One thousand, Salvo I, Costa F, Zerman N, Bazzocchi Chiliad, Toso F, et al. Virtual reality surgical planning for maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis: the part of reverse engineering rapid prototyping and cooperative piece of work. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007; 65: 1198–1208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59. Sarment DP, Sukovic P, Clinthorne North. Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithographic surgical guide. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003; xviii: 571–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
61. Chen 10, Yuan J, Wang C, Huang Y, Kang L. Modular preoperative planning software for calculator-aided oral implantology and the application of a novel stereolithographic template: a pilot report. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2010; 12: 181–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62. Jayme SJ, Muglia VA, de Oliveira RR, Novaes AB. Optimization in multi-implant placement for firsthand loading in edentulous arches using a modified surgical template and prototyping: a case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008; 23: 759–762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
63. Papaspyridakos P, Lal K. Consummate arch implant rehabilitation using subtractive rapid prototyping and porcelain fused to zirconia prosthesis: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2008; 100: 165–172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
64. Lal 1000, White GS, Morea DN, Wright RF. Use of stereolithographic templates for surgical and prosthodontic implant planning and placement. Part I. The concept. J Prosthodont. 2006; 15: 51–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65. Di Giacomo GA, Cury PR, de Araujo NS, Sendyk WR, Sendyk CL. Clinical application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant placement: preliminary results. J Periodontol. 2005; 76: 503–507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
66. Wu M, Tinschert J, Augthun Thousand, Wagner I, Schädlich Stubenrauch J, Sahm PR, et al. Application of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation measuring, numerical simulation and rapid prototyping to titanium dental castings. Dent Mater. 2001; 17: 102–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
67. Williams RJ, Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Collis J. Use of CAD/ CAM engineering science to fabricate a removable partial denture framework. J Prosthet Dent. 2006; 96: 96–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
68. Bassoli East, Gatto A, Luliano 50, Violentte MG. 3D printing technique applied to rapid casting. Rapid Prototyping J. 2007; 13: 148–155. [Google Scholar]
69. Sykes LM, Parrott AM, Owen CP, Snaddon DR. Applications of rapid prototyping technology in maxillofacial prosthetics. Int J Prosthodont. 2004; 17: 454–459. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
lxx. Cheah CM, Chua CK, Tan KH. Integration of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation surface digitizing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prostheses. Part two: Development of molding techniques for casting prosthetic parts. Int J Prosthodont. 2003; 16: 543–548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
71. Al Mardini Yard, Ercoli C, Graser GN. A technique to produce a mirror-image wax blueprint of an ear using rapid pro-totyping technology. J Prosthet Dent. 2005; 94: 195–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
72. Kanazawa M, Inokoshi M, Minakuchi S, Ohbayashi N. Trial of a CAD/CAM organization for fabricating consummate dentures. Dent Mater J. 2011; 30: 93–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
73. Dominicus Y, Lü P, Wang Y. Study on CAD&RP for removable consummate denture. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2009; 93: 266–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
74. Williams RJ, Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Collis J. Use of CAD/CAM technology to fabricate a removable partial denture framework. J Prosthet Dent. 2006; 96: 96–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
75. Karatas MO, Cifter ED, Ozenen DO, Balik A, Tuncer EB. Manufacturing implant supported auricular prostheses past rapid prototyping techniques. Eur J Dent. 2011; 5: 472–477. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
76. Hazeveld A, Huddleston Slater JJ, Ren Y. Accuracy and reproducibility of dental replica models reconstructed by different rapid prototyping techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014; 145: 108–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345107/
Post a Comment for "Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing a Review of Current Technologies"